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SYNOPSIS. The maximum degree of hierarchical structure of organisms has risen over the history of life, notably in three transitions: the origin of the eukaryotic cell from symbiotic associations of prokaryotes; the emergence of the first... more
SYNOPSIS. The maximum degree of hierarchical structure of organisms has risen over the history of life, notably in three transitions: the origin of the eukaryotic cell from symbiotic associations of prokaryotes; the emergence of the first multicellular individuals from clones of eukaryotic cells; and the origin of the first individuated colonies from associations of multicellular organisms. The trend is obvious in the fossil record, but documenting it using a high-resolution hierarchy scale reveals three puzzles: 1) the rate of origin of new levels accelerates, at least until the early Phanerozoic; 2) after that, the trend may slow or even stop; and 3) levels may sometimes arise out of order. The three puzzles and their implications are discussed; a possible explanation is offered for the first.
The notion that complexity increases in evolution is widely accepted, but the best-known evidence is highly impressionistic. In this paper, I propose a scheme for understanding complexity which provides a conceptual basis for objective... more
The notion that complexity increases in evolution is widely accepted, but the best-known evidence is highly impressionistic. In this paper, I propose a scheme for understanding complexity which provides a conceptual basis for objective measurement. The Scheme also shows complexity to be a composite term covering four independent types. For each type, I describe some of the measures that have been devised and review the evidence for trends in the maximum and mean. In metazoans as a whole, there is good evidence only for an early-Phanerozoic trend, and only in one type of complexity. For each of the other types, some trends have been documented but only in a small number of metasoan subgroups. Key words. complexity, trends, hierarchy, Metazoa, macroevolution
The maximum size of organisms has increased enormously since the initial appearance of life... more
The maximum size of organisms has increased enormously since the initial appearance of life >3.5 billion years ago (Gya), but the pattern and timing of this size increase is poorly known. Consequently, controls underlying the size spectrum of the global biota have been difficult to evaluate. Our period-level compilation of the largest known fossil organisms demonstrates that maximum size increased by 16 orders of magnitude since life first appeared in the fossil record. The great majority of the increase is accounted for by 2 discrete steps of approximately equal magnitude: the first in the middle of the Paleoproterozoic Era (approximately 1.9 Gya) and the second during the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic eras (0.6-0.45 Gya). Each size step required a major innovation in organismal complexity--first the eukaryotic cell and later eukaryotic multicellularity. These size steps coincide with, or slightly postdate, increases in the concentration of atmospheric oxygen, suggesting latent evolutionary potential was realized soon after environmental limitations were removed.
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Page 1. The Tendency for Diversity & Complexity to Increase in Evolutionary Systems BIOLOGY'S FIRST LAW DANIEL W. MeSHEA & ROBERT N. BRANDON Page 2.... more
Page 1. The Tendency for Diversity & Complexity to Increase in Evolutionary Systems BIOLOGY'S FIRST LAW DANIEL W. MeSHEA & ROBERT N. BRANDON Page 2. Biology's First Law Page 3. Page 4. Biology's First Law The ...
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Our special Issue on Evolutionary Patterns for the Journal Evolutionary Biology is out now. Many thanks to the editor-in-chief, Benedikt Hallgrimsson (http://www.ucalgary.ca/morpho/personnel), for providing us with an excellent venue, to... more
Our special Issue on Evolutionary Patterns for the Journal Evolutionary Biology is out now. Many thanks to the editor-in-chief, Benedikt Hallgrimsson (http://www.ucalgary.ca/morpho/personnel), for providing us with an excellent venue, to the authors for contributing, and to Eveline Kolijn for the artistic cover (http://evelinekolijn.com/?project=evolutionary-patterns).

Springer is granting free access to the full issue through December 31st, 2016 at http://link.springer.com/journal/11692/43/4/page/1

Feel free to leave comments on the issue in this session!
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